Grammar guide

Russian cases: what the six cases do and when to use them

Russian marks a noun’s role in the sentence with its ending. There are six cases, and the right one is chosen by the verb, the preposition or the number in front of the noun.

The rule

The six cases at a glance

Each case has its own job and its own triggers.

Nominative
The subject Who or what does the action. The dictionary form. Книга лежит на столе.
Accusative
The direct object What the action is done to; also motion with в and на. Я читаю книгу. · Я иду в школу.
Genitive
Of, absence, quantity Possession, after нет, after numbers from five up and after у, из, без, для. У меня нет машины. · пять книг
Dative
To or for someone The recipient, and the person who likes or needs something. Я дал брату книгу. · Мне нравится музыка.
Instrumental
With, by means of The tool, company with с, and what someone becomes or works as. писать ручкой · кофе с молоком · Он стал врачом.
Prepositional
About, location Only after prepositions: о for “about”, в and на for location. Мы говорили о Москве. · Я живу в Москве.

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